阅读技巧
四六级的阅读包括三个部分：词汇理解、长篇阅读和仔细阅读。针对每一种题型，也有相应的阅读技巧。
词汇理解
一、解题步骤
词汇理解题通常以选词填空的形式呈现，要求从15个备选词中选出10个，解题步骤如下：
步骤一：标记词性
- 目标：通读选项，标记每个选项的词性，并记录以便在后续步骤中使用。
步骤二：通读全文，分析语境
- 目标：通读文章，理解大意。尤其关注上下文语境，注意文章中的逻辑连接词（如 and, but, while, because 等），这将有助于判断空格处需要什么样的词性和词义。
步骤三：瞻前顾后，判断词性与词义
目标：结合空格前后句子结构，推测所需的词性，如 a/an 后接名词，情态动词后接动词等。通过上下文和逻辑推理确定最符合语义的词。
名词结构：a/an+单数辅音/元音n.
动词结构：情态助动词/to+adv.+原形v.+adv.
并列结构：and/or/but/while
步骤四：验证与调整
- 目标：选出符合语义和词性的词后，通读整个句子，看是否符合上下文逻辑。必要时回头调整。
二、实战演练
[2020 12 01]
The idea of taxing things that are bad for society has a powerful allure. It offers thepossibility of a double benefit 一 26 harmful activities,while also providing thegovernment with revenue.
Take sin taxes.Taxes on alcohol make it more expensive to get drunk,which reducesexcessive drinking and 27 driving.At the same time,they provide state and localgovernments with billions of dollars of revenue.Tobacco taxes,which generate more thantwice as much, have proven 28 in the decline of smoking,which has saved millions of lives.
Taxes can also be an important tool for environmental protection,and many economists say taxing carbon would be the best way toreduce greenhouse gas emissions. Economic theorysays that unlike income or sales taxes,carbon taxes can actually increase economic efficiency; because companies that 29 carbon dioxide into the sky don't pay the costs of the climatechange they cause,carbon taxes would restore the proper 30 to the market.
n reality,carbon taxes alone won't be enough to halt global warming,but they would bea useful part of any climate plan.What's more,the revenue from this tax,which would 31 behundreds of billions of dollars per year,could be handed out to citizens as a 32 or used tofundgreen infrastrucure projects.
Similarly,a wealth tax has been put forward as a way to reduce inequality while raisingrevenue.The revenue from this tax,which some experts 33 will be over $4 tillion perdecade,would be designated for housing,child care,health care andother government benefitsIf you believe,as many do,that wealth inequality is 34 bad,then these taxes improvesociety while also 35 govermment coffers(金库).
A) discouraging
B) dividend
C) emotional
D) fragments
E) impaired
F) imprisoned
G) incentives
H) inherently
I) initially
J) instrumental
K) merging
L) predict
M) probably
N) pump
O) swelling
答案与解析
- A) discouraging
解析：根据句意，“通过减少有害活动为政府提供收入”，这里需要一个动词表示“减少或抑制有害活动”。"discouraging" (抑制) 表示通过税收减少这些有害的行为，因此符合句意。
- E) impaired
解析：前文提到酒精税减少了酗酒，接下来应该讨论的是酒后驾驶的影响。这里需要一个形容词描述驾驶能力受损。"impaired" (受损的) 常用于描述酒后驾驶，因此合适。
- J) instrumental
解析：根据句意，烟草税对于减少吸烟的效果非常显著，需要一个形容词形容它的作用。"instrumental" (有帮助的) 表示烟草税在减少吸烟方面发挥了重要作用。
- K) emit
解析：语境是公司向空中排放二氧化碳，这里需要一个动词表示“排放”。"emit" (排放) 符合句意，表示公司将二氧化碳排入大气。
- G) incentives
解析：句子讨论了通过碳税恢复市场中的激励机制，因此需要一个名词来表达市场的“激励”。"incentives" (激励措施) 符合这个语境。
- M) probably
解析：句子描述税收可能达到数百亿美元的规模，这里需要一个副词表示“很可能”。"probably" (很可能) 是副词，符合句意。
- B) dividend
解析：句子讨论税收收入的分配方式，这里需要一个名词表示收入可能会以某种形式发放给公民。"dividend" (红利) 表示税收可以作为红利发放，符合语境。
- L) predict
解析：专家们对税收的预测，需要一个动词表示“预测”。"predict" (预测) 表示专家预测税收收入，因此合适。
- H) inherently
解析：句子讨论财富不平等的问题，这里需要一个副词表示“本质上”。"inherently" (本质上) 强调财富不平等从根本上是不好的，因此符合语境。
- O) swelling
解析：句子讨论这些税收增加了政府的收入，这里需要一个动词表示“增加”。"swelling" (增加) 符合语境，表示政府金库扩充。
长篇阅读
一、解题步骤
长篇阅读侧重考查考生的段落信息匹配能力，考生可参照以下步骤进行解题
步骤一：看标题
- 目的：标题词往往是文章的主题词，文中会反复出现，有助于理解文章大意。
步骤二：先题后文
目的：找到2-3个词或短语，这些词应独一无二且不易被改写，便于回文定位。
定位词类型：
专有名词、数词、最高级、标点符号
名词或名词短语（特别是专业概念）
名词+动词结构
步骤三：回文定位
目的：题目的答案在文中是按顺序出现的，在对应的段落寻找定位词。
第一遍：聚焦段首、段尾和转折词（如 however, but 等）所在位置。
第二遍：针对剩余部分仔细比对，确保理解无误。
二、实战演练
[2020 12 01]
The Challenges for Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture
[A] A group of corn farmers stands huddled around an agronomist (农学家) and his computer on the side of an irrigation machine in central South Africa. The agronomist has just flown over the field with a hybrid unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that takes off and lands using propellers yet maintains distance and speed for scanning vast hectares of land through the use of its fixed wings.
[B] The UAV is fitted with a four spectral band precision sensor that conducts onboard processing immediately after the flight, allowing farmers and field staff to address, almost immediately, any crop abnormalities that the sensor may have recorded, making the data collection truly real-time.
[C] In this instance, the farmers and agronomist are looking to specialized software to give them an accurate plant population count. It's been 10 days since the corn emerged and the farmer wants to determine if there are any parts of the field that require replanting due to a lack of emergence or wind damage, which can be severe in the early stages of the summer rainy season.
[D] At this growth stage of the plant's development, the farmer has another 10 days to conduct any replanting before the majority of his fertilizer and chemical applications need to occur. Once these have been applied, it becomes economically unviable to take corrective action, making any further collected data historical and useful only to inform future practices for the season to come.
[E] The software completes its processing in under 15 minutes producing a plant population count map. It's difficult to grasp just how impressive this is, without understanding that just over a year ago it would have taken three to five days to process the exact same dataset, illustrating the advancements that have been achieved in precision agriculture and remote sensing in recent years. With the software having been developed in the United States on the same variety of crops in seemingly similar conditions, the agronomist feels confident that the software will produce a near accurate result.
[F] As the map appears on the screen, the agronomist's face begins to drop. Having walked through the planted rows before the flight to gain a physical understanding of the situation on the ground, he knows the instant he sees the data on his screen that the plant count is not correct, and so do the farmers, even with their limited understanding of how to read remote sensing maps.
[G] Hypothetically, it is possible for machines to learn to solve any problem on earth relating to the physical interaction of all things within a defined or contained environment by using artificial intelligence and machine learning.
[H] Remote sensors enable algorithms (算法) to interpret a field's environment as statistical data that can be understood and useful to farmers for decision-making. Algorithms process the data, adapting and learning based on the data received. The more inputs and statistical information collected, the better the algorithm will be at predicting a range of outcomes. And the aim is that farmers can use this artificial intelligence to achieve their goal of a better harvest through making better decisions in the field.
[I] In 2011, IBM, through its R&D Headquarters in Haifa, Israel, launched an agricultural cloud-computing project. The project, in collaboration with a number of specialized IT and agricultural partners, had one goal in mind—to take a variety of academic and physical data sources from an agricultural environment and turn these into automatic predictive solutions for farmers that would assist them in making real-time decisions in the field.
[J] Interviews with some of the IBM project team members at the time revealed that the team believed it was entirely possible to "algorithm" agriculture, meaning that algorithms could solve any problem in the world. Earlier that year, IBM's cognitive learning system, Watson, competed in the game Jeopardy against former winners Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings with astonishing results. Several years later, Watson went on to produce ground-breaking achievements in the field of medicine.
[K] So why did the project have such success in medicine but not agriculture? Because it is one of the most difficult fields to contain for the purpose of statistical quantification. Even within a single field, conditions are always changing from one section to the next. There's unpredictable weather, changes in soil quality, and the ever-present possibility that pests and diseases may pay a visit. Growers may feel their prospects are good for an upcoming harvest, but until that day arrives, the outcome will always be uncertain.
[L] By comparison, our bodies are a contained environment. Agriculture takes place in nature, among ecosystems of interacting organisms and activity, and crop production takes place within that ecosystem environment. But these ecosystems are not contained. They are subject to climatic occurrences such as weather systems, which impact upon hemispheres as a whole, and from continent to continent. Therefore, understanding how to manage an agricultural environment means taking literally many hundreds if not thousands of factors into account.
[M] What may occur with the same seed and fertilizer program in the United States' Midwest region is almost certainly unrelated to what may occur with the same seed and fertilizer program in Australia or South Africa. A few factors that could impact on variation would typically include the measurement of rain per unit of a crop planted, soil type, patterns of soil degradation, daylight hours, temperature and so forth.
[N] So the problem with deploying machine learning and artificial intelligence in agriculture is not that scientists lack the capacity to develop programs and protocols to begin to address the biggest of growers' concerns; the problem is that in most cases, no two environments will be exactly alike, which makes the testing, validation and successful rollout of such technologies much more laborious than in most other industries.
[O] Practically, to say that AI and Machine Learning can be developed to solve all problems related to our physical environment is to basically say that we have a complete understanding of all aspects of the interaction of physical or material activity on the planet. After all, it is only through our understanding of 'the nature of things' that protocols and processes are designed for the rational capabilities of cognitive systems to take place.
[P] Backed by the venture capital community, which is now investing billions of dollars in the sector, most agricultural technology startups today are pushed to complete development as quickly as possible and then encouraged to flood the market as quickly as possible with their products.
[Q] This usually results in a failure of a product, which leads to skepticism from the market and delivers a blow to the integrity of Machine Learning technology. In most cases, the problem is not that the technology does not work, the problem is that industry has not taken the time to respect that agriculture is one of the most uncontained environments to manage. For technology to truly make an impact on agriculture, more effort, skill, and funding are needed to test these technologies in farmers' fields.
[R] There is huge potential for artificial intelligence and machine learning to revolutionize agriculture by integrating these technologies into critical markets on a global scale. Only then can it make a difference to the grower, where it really counts.
36. Farmers will not profit from replanting once they have applied most of the fertilizer and other chemicals to their fields.
37. Agriculture differs from the medical science of the human body in that its environment is not a contained one.
38. The agronomist is sure that he will obtain a near accurate count of plant population with his software.
39. The application of artificial intelligence to agriculture is much more challenging than to most other industries.
40. Even the farmers know the data provided by the UAV is not correct.
41. The pressure for quick results leads to product failure, which, in turn, arouses doubts about the applicability of AI technology to agriculture.
42. Remote sensors are aimed to help farmers improve decision-making to increase yields.
43. The farmer expects the software to tell him whether he will have to replant any parts of his farm fields.
44. Agriculture proves very difficult to quantify because of the constantly changing conditions involved.
45. The same seed and fertilizer program may yield completely different outcomes in different places.
答案及解析：
标题中的 "Artificial Intelligence" 和 "Agriculture" 可能会在文中反复出现，是这篇文章的核心主题，解题时需关注与AI技术和农业相关的内容。
36. D
- 题目：Farmers will not profit from replanting once they have applied most of the fertilizer and other chemicals to their fields.
- 定位词： "profit from replanting" "fertilizer and chemicals"
- 解析：在段落 [D]，提到“Once these have been applied, it becomes economically unviable to take corrective action”，说明施肥和使用化学品之后，补种不再有经济效益。因此，答案为 D 段。
37. L
- 题目：Agriculture differs from the medical science of the human body in that its environment is not a contained one.
- 定位词： "not a contained one" "agriculture" "medical science"
- 解析：段落 [L] 提到农业不像人体那样是一个封闭环境，农业处在大自然中，是一个复杂的生态系统。因此，答案为 L 段。
38. E
- 题目：The agronomist is sure that he will obtain a near accurate count of plant population with his software.
- 定位词： "near accurate count" "software"
- 解析：段落 [E] 提到，农学家认为软件会给出接近准确的结果，因此他充满信心。因此，答案为 E 段。
39. N
- 题目：The application of artificial intelligence to agriculture is much more challenging than to most other industries.
- 定位词： "AI" "more challenging" "agriculture"
- 解析：在段落 [N] 提到，农业中的AI应用比其他行业更具挑战性，因为农业环境不封闭，变化复杂。因此，答案为 N 段。
40. F
- 题目：Even the farmers know the data provided by the UAV is not correct.
- 定位词： "farmers" "UAV" "not correct"
- 解析：段落 [F] 提到，即使是对远程感应图理解有限的农民，也能看出数据不正确。因此，答案为 F 段。
41. Q
- 题目：The pressure for quick results leads to product failure, which, in turn, arouses doubts about the applicability of AI technology to agriculture.
- 定位词： "quick results" "product failure" "doubts"
- 解析：段落 [Q] 提到，快速推向市场的压力导致产品失败，进而引发对AI技术适用性的质疑。因此，答案为 Q 段。
42. H
- 题目：Remote sensors are aimed to help farmers improve decision-making to increase yields.
- 定位词： "Remote sensors" "improve decision-making" "increase yields"
- 解析：段落 [H] 提到，遥感器帮助农民做出决策，提高产量，因此答案为 H 段。
43. C
- 题目：The farmer expects the software to tell him whether he will have to replant any parts of his farm fields.
- 定位词： "software" "replant"
- 解析：段落 [C] 提到，农民使用软件确定是否需要重新播种作物。因此，答案为 C 段。
44. K
- 题目：Agriculture proves very difficult to quantify because of the constantly changing conditions involved.
- 定位词： "difficult to quantify" "changing conditions"
- 解析：段落 [K] 提到农业环境变化多端，难以量化。因此，答案为 K 段。
45. M
- 题目：The same seed and fertilizer program may yield completely different outcomes in different places.
- 定位词： "same seed and fertilizer" "different outcomes"
- 解析：段落 [M] 提到，同样的种子和肥料计划在不同地方可能有不同的结果。因此，答案为 M 段。
仔细阅读
一、解题步骤
仔细阅读部分要求考生深入理解文章内容并准确答题，建议按照以下步骤操作：
步骤一：关键词定位
目标：读懂题意，划出题干关键词（不看选项）：
找出能够在文章中容易定位的关键词，如专有名词、标点符号、数字等。
优先选择独一无二的词汇或短语（例如比较级/最高级、专业术语等）。
名词和名词短语优先，若有并列结构或动态变化时可进行调整。
步骤二：精确定位原文
目标：在文章中找到关键词的位置并阅读理解。
如果无法准确定位，可以：
先做下一题，然后根据题目顺序往回查找。
或通过选项关键词进一步确定文章中的对应句子。
阅读顺序建议：
定位句（包含关键词的句子）
前后文句子
段首和段尾句
步骤三：比对选项与原文
同义替换是正确答案的常见特征，注意选项是否通过同义词或相似表达进行转述。
比对时注意主谓宾结构，特别是选项与原文信息是否一致。
进一步比对修饰成分（定语、状语），优先选择概括性高的选项。
谨慎选择极端或片面的选项，通常正确答案较为中立和准确。
二、实战演练
[2020 12 01]
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
What’s the place of art in a culture of inattention? Recent visitors to the Louvre report that tourists can now spend only a minute in front of the Mona Lisa before being asked to move on. Much of that time, for some of them, is spent taking photographs not even of the painting but of themselves with the painting in the background.
One view is that we have democratised tourism and gallery-going so much that we have made it effectively impossible to appreciate what we've travelled to see. In this oversubscribed society, experience becomes a commodity like any other. There are queues to climb Mt Jolmo Lungma as well as to see famous paintings. Leisure, thus conceived, is hard labour, and returning to work becomes a well-earned break from the ordeal.
What gets lost in this industrialised haste is the quality of looking. Consider an extreme example, the late philosopher Richard Wollheim. When he visited the Louvre, he could spend as much as four hours sitting before a painting. The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated. It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself. This seems unthinkable today, but it is still possible to organise. Even in the busiest museums, there are many rooms and many pictures worth hours of contemplation which the crowds largely ignore.
Sometimes the largest crowds are partly the products of bad management; the Mona Lisa is such a hurried experience today partly because the museum is being reorganised. The Uffizi in Florence, another site of cultural pilgrimage, has cut its entry queues down to seven minutes by clever management. And there are some forms of art, those designed to be spectacles as well as objects of contemplation, which can work perfectly well in the face of huge crowds.
Olafur Eliasson's current Tate Modern show, for instance, might seem nothing more than an entertainment, overrun as it is with kids romping (喧闹地玩耍) in fog rooms and spray mist installations. But it's more than that: where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too, and his disorienting installations bring home the reality of the destructive effects we are having on the planet—not least what we are doing to the glaciers of Eliasson's beloved Iceland. Marcel Proust, another lover of the Louvre, wrote: “It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe, whose landscapes would otherwise have remained as unknown as any on the moon.” If any art remains worth seeing, it must lead us to such escapes. But a minute in front of a painting in a hurried crowd won’t do that.
46. What does the scene at the Louvre demonstrate according to the author?
A) The enormous appeal of a great piece of artistic work to tourists.
B) The near impossibility of appreciating art in an age of mass tourism.
C) The ever-growing commercial value of long-cherished artistic works.
D) The real difficulty in getting a glimpse at a masterpiece amid a crowd.
47. Why did the late philosopher Richard Wollheim spend four hours before a picture?
A) It takes time to appreciate a piece of art fully.
B) It is quite common to misinterpret artistic works.
C) The longer people contemplate a picture, the more likely they will enjoy it.
D) The more time one spends before a painting, the more valuable one finds it.
48. What does the case of the Uffizi in Florence show?
A) Artworks in museums should be better taken care of.
B) Sites of cultural pilgrimage are always flooded with visitors.
C) Good management is key to handling large crowds of visitors.
D) Large crowds of visitors cause management problems for museums.
49. What do we learn from Olafur Eliasson's current Tate Modern show?
A) Children learn to appreciate art works most effectively while they are playing.
B) It is possible to combine entertainment with appreciation of serious art.
C) Artworks about the environment appeal most to young children.
D) Some forms of art can accommodate huge crowds of visitors.
50. What can art do according to Marcel Proust?
A) Enable us to live a much fuller life.
B) Allow us to escape the harsh reality.
C) Help us to see the world from a different perspective.
D) Urge us to explore the unknown domain of the universe.
答案与解析：
46. B
题目：What does the scene at the Louvre demonstrate according to the author?
定位词： "scene at the Louvre" "author"
解析： 在文中定位到第一段，作者提到 "we have democratised tourism and gallery-going so much that we have made it effectively impossible to appreciate what we've travelled to see"。这表明在大众旅游的时代，欣赏艺术变得几乎不可能，因此答案为[B]。
47. A
题目：Why did the late philosopher Richard Wollheim spend four hours before a picture?
定位词： "Richard Wollheim" "four hours"
解析： 在文中定位到第三段，提到 "The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated. It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself"。这说明他认为要完全欣赏一幅画需要时间，因此答案为[A]。
48. C
题目：What does the case of the Uffizi in Florence show?
定位词： "Uffizi in Florence"
解析： 文中第四段提到 "The Uffizi in Florence... has cut its entry queues down to seven minutes by clever management"。这表明良好的管理是处理大批游客的关键，因此答案为[C]。
49. B
题目：What do we learn from Olafur Eliasson's current Tate Modern show?
定位词： "Olafur Eliasson" "Tate Modern show"
解析： 文中第五段提到 "where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too"，说明他将娱乐性与严肃艺术的欣赏结合了起来，因此答案为[B]。
50. C
题目：What can art do according to Marcel Proust?
定位词： "Marcel Proust" "art"
解析： 文中第六段引用了Proust的话 "It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe"。这表明艺术能够帮助我们从不同的视角看世界，因此答案为[C]。